On This Day

March 27, 2011

1350 - While besieging Gibraltar, Alfonso XI of Castile died of the Black Death.

1794 - The U.S. Congress and President Washington authorized the creation of the U.S. Navy.

1802 - The Treaty of Amiens was signed ending the French Revolutionary War.

1814 - U.S. troops under Gen. Andrew Jackson defeated the Creek Indians at Horshoe Bend in Northern Alabama.

1836 - In Goliad, TX, about 350 Texan prisoners, including their commander James Fannin, were executed under orders from Gen. Antonio López de Santa Anna. An estimated 30 Texans escaped execution.

1836 - The first Mormon temple was dedicated in Kirtland, OH.

1841 - The first steam fire engine was tested in New York City.

1860 - The corkscrew was patented by M.L. Byrn.

1866 - U.S. President Andrew Johnson vetoed the civil rights bill, which later became the 14th amendment.

1884 - The first long-distance telephone call was made from Boston to New York.

1899 - The first international radio transmission between England and France was achieved by the Italian inventor G. Marconi.

1900 - The London Parliament passed the War Loan Act that gave 35 million pounds to the Boer War cause in South Africa.

1900 - The Russian army mobilized 250,000 troops for active duty.

1901 - Filipino rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by the U.S.

1904 - Mary Jarris "Mother" Jones was ordered by Colorado state authorities to leave the state. She was accused of stirring up striking coal miners.

1907 - French troops occupied Oudja, Morocco, as a punitive action for the murder of French Dr. Muchamp.

1912 - The first cherry blossom trees were planted in Washington, DC. The trees were a gift from Japan.

1917 - The Seattle Metropolitans, of the Pacific Coast League of Canada, defeated the Montreal Canadiens and became the first U.S. hockey team to win the Stanley Cup.

1931 - Actor Charlie Chaplin received France’s Legion of Honor decoration.

1933 - About 55,000 people staged a protest against Hitler in New York City.

1933 - In the U.S., the Farm Credit Administration was authorized.

1941 - Tokeo Yoshikawa arrived in Oahu, HI, and began spying for Japan on the U.S. Fleet at Pearl Harbor.

1942 - The British raided the Nazi submarine base at St. Nazaire, France.

1944 - One-thousand Jews left Drancy, France, for the Auschwitz concentration camp.

1944 - Thousands of Jews were murdered in Kaunas, Lithuania.

1946 - Four-month long strikes at both General Electric and General Motors ended with a wage increase.

1952 - The U.S. Eighth Army reached the 38th parallel in Korea, the original dividing line between the two Koreas.

1955 - Steve McQueen made his network TV debut on "Goodyear Playhouse."

1958 - Nikita Khrushchev became the chairman of the Soviet Council of Ministers in addition to First Secretary of the Communist Party.

1958 - The U.S. announced a plan to explore space near the moon.

1964 - An earthquake in Alaska killed 114 people and registered 8.4 on the Richter Scale.

1968 - Yuri Gagarin, the first man to orbit the earth, died in a plane crash.

1976 - Washington, DC, opened its subway system.

1977 - About 570 people died when a KLM 747 and a Pan Am 747 collided with each other on a foggy runway on the Canary Island of Tenerife.

1985 - Billy Dee Williams received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

1988 - The U.S. Senate ratified the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty.

1989 - The U.S. anti-missile satellite failed the first test in space.

1992 - Police in Philadelphia, PA, arrested a man with AIDS on charges that he may have infected several hundred teenage boys with HIV through sexual relations.

1993 - In China, Communist Party leader Jiang Zemin was appointed President.

1995 - Maurizo Gucci was shot to death outside his office in Milan.

1997 - Russian workers, nearly 2 million, held a nationwide strike to protest unpaid wages.

1997 - In Australia, Governor-General William Deane signed a bill to overturn a 1996 Northern Territory act to legalize assisted suicides. The 1996 act was the first in the world to permit assisted suicides.

1997 - Dexter King met with James Earl Ray. Ray was in prison for the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King. Dexter King believes that Ray had nothing to do with the assassination.

1998 - In the U.S., the FDA approved the prescription drug Viagra. It was the first pill for male impotence.

1998 - Top civilian aircraft makers in France, Spain, Germany and Britain agreed to create single European aerospace and defense company.

1998 - Ax-wielders killed at least 52 people in southern Algeria, most of which were toddlers.

2002 - Rodney Dangerfield received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

2004 - NASA successfully launched an unpiloted X-43A jet that hit Mach 7 (about 5,000 mph).

2006 - Zacarias Moussaoui testified in his federal trail that he was the supposed to hijack a fifth airplane on September 11, 2001, and fly it into the White House.

2007 - NFL owners voted to make instant replay a permanent officiating tool.

March 27, 2011

2007 - NFL owners voted to make instant replay a permanent officiating tool.

Quite often, after review, the Referee will reverse his decision on the field, & everyone goes home happy :D

And an extremely effective tool it is, too. :thumbsup:

Absolutely no reason on Earth why it cannot be used in Soccer & Rugby :yes: We wuz cheated in both recently & the grave & unfair injustices wrought upon us could have been rectified :crybaby:

March 28, 2011

1774 - Britain passed the Coercive Act against Massachusetts.

1797 - Nathaniel Briggs patented a washing machine.

1834 - The U.S. Senate voted to censure President Jackson for the removal of federal deposits from the Bank of the United States.

1854 - The Crimean War began with Britain and France declaring war on Russia.

1864 - A group of Copperheads attack Federal soldiers in Charleston, IL. Five were killed and twenty were wounded.

1865 - Outdoor advertising legislation was enacted in New York. The law banned "painting on stones, rocks and trees."

1885 - The Salvation Army was officially organized in the U.S.

1898 - The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a child born in the U.S. to Chinese immigrants was a U.S. citizen. This meant that they could not be deported under the Chinese Exclusion Act.

1903 - Anatole France's "Crainquebille" premiered in Paris.

1905 - The U.S. took full control over Dominican revenues.

1908 - Automobile owners lobbied the U.S. Congress, supporting a bill that called for vehicle licensing and federal registration.

1910 - The first seaplane took off from water at Martinques, France. The pilot was Henri Fabre.

1911 - In New York, suffragists performed the political play "Pageant of Protest."

1917 - During World War I the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) was founded.

1921 - U.S. President Warren Harding named William Howard Taft as chief justice of the United States Supreme Court.

1922 - Bradley A. Fiske patented a microfilm reading device.

1930 - Constantinople and Angora changed their names to Istanbul and Ankara respectively.

1933 - In Germany, the Nazis ordered a ban on all Jews in businesses, professions and schools.

1938 - In Italy, psychiatrists demonstrated the use of electric-shock therapy for treatment of certain mental illnesses.

1939 - The Spanish Civil War ended as Madrid fell to Francisco Franco.

1941 - The Italian fleet was defeated by the British at the Battle of Matapan.

1942 - British naval forces raided the Nazi occupied French port of St. Nazaire.

1945 - Germany launched the last of the V-2 rockets against England.

1947 - The American Helicopter Society revealed a flying device that could be strapped to a person's body.

1962 - The U.S. Air Force announced research into the use of lasers to intercept missiles and satellites.

1963 - Sonny Werblin announced that the New York Titans of the American Football League was changing its name to the New York Jets. (NFL)

1967 - Raymond Burr starred in a TV movie titled "Ironside." The movie was later turned into a television series.

1968 - The U.S. lost its first F-111 aircraft in Vietnam when it vanished while on a combat mission. North Vietnam claimed that they had shot it down.

1974 - A streaker ran onto the set of "The Tonight Show starring Johnny Carson."

1979 - A major accident occurred at Pennsylvania's Three Mile Island nuclear power plant. A nuclear power reactor overheated and suffered a partial meltdown.

1981 - In Bangkok, Thailand, Indonesian terrorists hijacked an airplane. Four of the five terrorists were killed on March 31.

1986 - The U.S. Senate passed $100 million aid package for the Nicaraguan contras.

1986 - More than 6,000 radio stations of all format varieties played "We are the World" simultaneously at 10:15 a.m. EST.

1990 - Jesse Owens received the Congressional Gold Medal from U.S. President George H.W. Bush.

1990 - In Britain, a joint Anglo-U.S. "sting" operation ended with the seizure of 40 capacitors, which can be used in the trigger mechanism of a nuclear weapon.

1991 - The U.S. embassy in Moscow was severely damaged by fire.

1994 - Violence between Zulus and African National Congress supporters took the lives of 18 in Johannesburg.

1999 - Paraguay's President Raúl Cubas Grau resigned after protests inspired by the assassination of Vice-President Luis María Argaña on March 23. The nation's Congress had accused Cubas and his political associate, Gen. Lino César Oviedo, for Cubas' murder. Senate President Luis González Macchi took office as Paraguay's new chief executive.

2002 - The exhibit "The Italians: Three Centuries of Italian Art" opened at the National Gallery of Australia.

2010 - China's Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co. signed a deal to buy Ford Motor Co.'s Volvo car unit.

March 29, 2011

1461 - Edward IV secured his claim to the English thrown by defeating Henry VI’s Lancastrians at the battle of Towdon.

1638 - First permanent European settlement in Delaware was established.

1847 - U.S. troops under General Winfield Scott took possession of the Mexican stronghold at Vera Cruz.

1848 - Niagara Falls stopped flowing for one day due to an ice jam.

1867 - The British Parliament passed the North America Act to create the Dominion of Canada.

1882 - The Knights of Columbus organization was granted a charter by the State of Connecticut.

1901 - The first federal elections were held in Australia.

1903 - A regular news service began between New York and London on Marconi's wireless.

1906 - In the U.S., 500,000 coal miners walked off the job seeking higher wages.

1913 - The Reichstag announced a raise in taxes in order to finance the new military budget.

1916 - The Italians call off the fifth attack on Isonzo.

1932 - jack Benny made his radio debut.

1936 - Italy firebombed the Ethiopian city of Harar.

1941 - The British sank five Italian warships off the Peloponnesus coast in the Mediterranean.

1943 - In the U.S. rationing of meat, butter and cheese began during World War II.

1946 - Fiorella LaGuardia became the director general of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Organization.

1946 - Gold Coast became the first British colony to hold an African parliamentary majority.

1951 - The Chinese reject MacArthur's offer for a truce in Korea.

1951 - In the United States, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were convicted of conspiracy to commit espionage. They were executed in June 19, 1953.

1961 - The 23rd amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified. The amendment allowed residents of Washington, DC, to vote for president.

1962 - Cuba opened the trial of the Bay of Pigs invaders.

1962 - jack Paar made his final appearance on the "Tonight" show.

1966 - Leonid Brezhnev became the First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party. He denounced the American policy in Vietnam and called it one of aggression.

1967 - France launched its first nuclear submarine.

1971 - Lt. William Calley Jr., of the U.S. Army, was found guilty of the premeditated murder of at least 22 Vietnamese civilians. He was sentenced to life imprisonment. The trial was the result of the My Lai massacre in Vietnam on March 16, 1968.

1971 - A jury in Los Angeles recommended the death penalty for Charles Manson and three female followers for the 1969 Tate-La Bianca murders. The death sentences were later commuted to live in prison.

1973 - "Hommy," the Puerto Rican version of the rock opera "Tommy," opened in New York City.

1973 - The last U.S. troops left South Vietnam.

1974 - Mariner 10, the U.S. space probe became the first spacecraft to reach the planet Mercury. It had been launched on November 3, 1973.

1974 - Eight Ohio National Guardsmen were indicted on charges stemming from the shooting deaths of four students at Kent State University on May 4, 1970. All the guardsmen were later acquitted.

1975 - Egyptian president Anwar Sadat declared that he would reopen the Suez Canal on June 5, 1975.

1979 - The Committee on Assassinations Report issued by U.S. House of Representatives stated the assassination of President John F. Kennedy was the result of a conspiracy.

1982 - The soap opera "Search for Tomorrow" changed from CBS to NBC.

1986 - A court in Rome acquitted six men in a plot to kill the Pope.

1987 - Hulk Hogan took 11 minutes, 43 seconds to pin Andre the Giant in front of 93,136 at Wrestlemania III fans at the Silverdome in Pontiac, MI.

1992 - Democratic presidential front-runner Bill Clinton said "I didn't inhale and I didn't try it again" in reference to when he had experimented with marijuana.

1993 - The South Korean government agreed to pay financial support to women who had been forced to have sex with Japanese troops during World War II.

1993 - Clint Eastwood won his first Oscars. He won them for best film and best director for the film "Unforgiven."

1995 - The U.S. House of Representatives rejected a constitutional amendment that would have limited terms to 12 years in the U.S. House and Senate.

1998 - Tennessee won the woman's college basketball championship over Louisiana. Tennessee had set a NCAA record with regular season record or 39-0.

1999 - At least 87 people died in an earthquake in India's Himalayan foothills.

1999 - The Dow Jones industrial average closed above the 10,000 mark for the first time.

2004 - Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia became members of NATO.

March 30, 2011

1533 - Henry VIII divorced his first wife, Catherine of Aragon.

1814 - The allied European nations against Napoleon marched into Paris.

1822 - Florida became a U.S. territory.

1842 - Dr. Crawford W. Long performed the first operation while his patient was anesthetized by ether.

1855 - About 5,000 "Border Ruffians" from western Missouri invaded the territory of Kansas and forced the election of a pro-slavery legislature. It was the first election in Kansas.

1858 - Hyman L. Lipman of Philadelphia patented the pencil.

1867 - The U.S. purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million dollars.

1870 - The 15th amendment, guaranteeing the right to vote regardless of race, was passed by the U.S. Congress.

1870 - Texas was readmitted to the Union.

1903 - Revolutionary activity in the Dominican Republic brought U.S. troops to Santo Domingo to protect American interests.

1905 - U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt was chosen to mediate in the Russo-Japanese peace talks.

1909 - The Queensboro bridge in New York opened linking Manhattan and Queens. It was the first double decker bridge.

1909 - In Oklahoma, Seminole Indians revolted against meager pay for government jobs.

1916 - Pancho Villa killed 172 at the Guerrero garrison in Mexico.

1936 - Britain announced a naval construction program of 38 warships.

1940 - The Japanese set up a puppet government called Manchuko in Nanking, China.

1941 - The German Afrika Korps under General Erwin Rommel began its first offensive against British forces in Libya.

1944 - The U.S. fleet attacked Palau, near the Philippines.

1945 - The U.S.S.R. invaded Austria during World War II.

1946 - The Allies seized 1,000 Nazis attempting to revive the Nazi party in Frankfurt.

1947 - Lord Mountbatten arrived in India as the new Viceroy.

1950 - The invention of the phototransistor was announced.

1950 - U.S. President Truman denounced Senator Joe McCarthy as a saboteur of U.S. foreign policy.

1957 - Tunisia and Morocco signed a friendship treaty in Rabat.

1958 - The Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater gave its initial performance.

1964 - "Jeopardy" debuted on NBC-TV.

1964 - John Glenn withdrew from the Ohio race for U.S. Senate because of injuries suffered in a fall.

1970 - "Applause" opened on Broadway.

1970 - "Another World - Somerset" debuted on NBC-TV.

1972 - The British government assumed direct rule over Northern Ireland.

1972 - The Eastertide Offensive began when North Vietnamese troops crossed into the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) in the northern portion of South Vietnam.

1975 - As the North Vietnamese forces moved toward Saigon South Vietnamese soldiers mob rescue jets in desperation.

1981 - U.S. President Ronald Reagan was shot and wounded in Washington, DC, by John W. Hinckley Jr. Two police officers and Press Secretary James Brady were also wounded.

1982 - The space shuttle Columbia completed its third and its longest test flight after 8 days in space.

1984 - The U.S. ended its participation in the multinational peace force in Lebanon.

1987 - Vincent Van Gogh's "Sunflowers" was bought for $39.85 million.

1993 - In Sarajevo, two Serb militiamen were sentenced to death for war crimes committed in Bosnia.

1993 - In the Peanuts comic strip, Charlie Brown hit his first home run.

1994 - Serbs and Croats signed a cease-fire to end their war in Croatia while Bosnian Muslims and Serbs continued to fight each other.

1998 - Rolls-Royce was purchased by BMW in a $570 million deal.

2002 - An unmanned U.S. spy plan crashed at sea in the Southern Philippines.

2002 - Suspected Islamic militants set off several grenades at a temple in Indian-controlled Kashmir. Four civilians, four policemen and two attackers were killed and 20 people were injured.

March 31, 2011

1492 - King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain issued the Alhambra edict expelling Jews who were unwilling to convert to Christianity.

1776 - Abigail Adams wrote to her husband John that women were "determined to foment a rebellion" if the new Declaration of Independence failed to guarantee their rights.

1779 - Russia and Turkey signed a treaty concerning military action in Crimea.

1831 - Quebec and Montreal were incorporated as cities.

1854 - The U.S. government signed the Treaty of Kanagawa with Japan. The act opened the ports of Shimoda and Hakotade to American trade.

1862 - Skirmishing between Rebels and Union forces took place at Island 10 on the Mississippi River.

1870 - In Perth Amboy, NJ, Thomas P. Munday became the first black to vote in the U.S.

1880 - Wabash, IN, became the first town to be completely illuminated with electric light.

1889 - In Paris, the Eiffel Tower officially opened.

1900 - The W.E. Roach Company was the first automobile company to put an advertisement in a national magazine. The magazine was the "Saturday Evening Post".

1900 - In France, the National Assembly passed a law reducing the workday for women and children to 11 hours.

1901 - In Russia, the Czar lashed out at Socialist-Revolutionaries with the arrests of 72 people and the seizing of two printing presses.

1902 - In Tennessee, 22 coal miners were killed by an explosion.

1904 - In India, hundreds of Tibetans were slaughtered by the British.

1905 - Kaiser Wilhelm arrived in Tangier proclaiming to support for an independent state of Morocco.

1906 - The Conference on Moroccan Reforms in Algerciras ended after two months with France and Germany in agreement.

1906 - The Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States was founded to set rules in amateur sports. The organization became the National Collegiate Athletic Association in 1910.

1908 - 250,000 coal miners in Indianapolis, IN, went on strike to await a wage adjustment.

1909 - Serbia accepted Austrian control over Bosnia-Herzegovina.

1917 - The U.S. purchased and took possession of the Virgin Islands from Denmark for $25 million.

1918 - For the first time in the U.S., Daylight Saving Time went into effect.

1921 - Great Britain declared a state of emergency because of the thousands of coal miners on strike.

1923 - In New York City, the first U.S. dance marathon was held. Alma Cummings set a new world record of 27 hours.

1932 - The Ford Motor Co. debuted its V-8 engine.

1933 - The U.S. Congress authorized the Civilian Conservation Corps to relieve rampant unemployment.

1933 - The "Soperton News" in Georgia became the first newspaper to publish using a pine pulp paper.

1939 - Britain and France agreed to support Poland if Germany threatened invasion.

1940 - La Guardia airport in New York officially opened to the public.

1941 - Germany began a counter offensive in North Africa.

1945 - "The Glass Menagerie" by Tennessee Williams opened on Broadway.

1946 - Monarchists won the elections in Greece.

1947 - John L. Lewis called a strike in sympathy for the miners killed in an explosion in Centralia, IL, on March 25, 1947.

1948 - The Soviets in Germany began controlling the Western trains headed toward Berlin.

1949 - Winston Churchill declared that the A-bomb was the only thing that kept the U.S.S.R. from taking over Europe.

1949 - Newfoundland entered the Canadian confederation as its 10th province.

1958 - The U.S. Navy formed the atomic submarine division.

1959 - The Dalai Lama (Lhama Dhondrub, Tenzin Gyatso) began exile by crossing the border into India where he was granted political asylum. Gyatso was the 14th Daila Lama.

1960 - The South African government declared a state of emergency after demonstrations lead to the death of more than 50 Africans.

1966 - An estimated 200,000 anti-war demonstrators march in New York City.

1966 - The Soviet Union launched Luna 10, which became the first spacecraft to enter a lunar orbit.

1967 - U.S. President Lyndon Johnson signed the Consular Treaty, the first bi-lateral pact with the Soviet Union since the Bolshevik Revolution.

1970 - The U.S. forces in Vietnam down a MIG-21, it was the first since September 1968.

1976 - The New Jersey Supreme Court ruled that Karen Anne Quinlan could be disconnected from a respirator. Quinlan remained comatose until 1985 when she died.

1980 - U.S. President Carter deregulated the banking industry.

1981 - In Bangkok, Thailand, four of five Indonesian terrorists were killed after hijacking an airplane on March 28.

1985 - ABC-TV aired the 200th episode of "The Love Boat."

1986 - 167 people died when a Mexicana Airlines Boeing 727 crashed in Los Angeles.

1987 - HBO (Home Box Office) earned its first Oscar for "Down and Out in America".

1989 - Canada and France signed a fishing rights pact.

1991 - Albania offered a multi-party election for the first time in 50 years. Incumbent President Ramiz Alia won.

1991 - Iraqi forces recaptured the northern city of Kirkuk from Kurdish guerillas.

1993 - Brandon Lee was killed accidentally while filming a movie.

1994 - "Nature" magazine announced that a complete skull of Australppithecus afarensis had been found in Ethiopia. The finding is of humankind's earliest ancestor.

1998 - U.N. Security Council imposed arms embargo on Yugoslavia.

1998 - Buddy Hackett received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

1998 - For the first time in U.S. history the federal government's detailed financial statement was released. This occurred under the Clinton administration.

1999 - Three U.S. soldiers were captured by Yugoslav soldiers three miles from the Yugoslav border in Macedonia.

1999 - Fabio was hit in the face by a bird during a promotional ride of a new roller coaster at the Busch Gardens theme park in Williamsburg, VA. Fabio received a one-inch cut across his nose.

2000 - In Uganda, officials set the number of deaths linked to a doomsday religious cult, the Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments, at more than 900. In Kanungu, a March 17 fire at the cult's church killed more than 530 and authorities subsequently found mass graves at various sites linked to the cult.

2004 - Air America Radio launched five stations around the U.S.

2004 - Google Inc. announced that it would be introducing a free e-mail service called Gmail.

April 1, 2011

0527 - Justinianus became the emperor of Byzantium.

1572 - The Sea Beggars under Guillaume de la Marck landed in Holland and captured the small town of Briel.

1578 - William Harvey of England discovered blood circulation.

1621 - The Plymouth, MA, colonists created the first treaty with Native Americans.

1724 - Jonathan Swift published Drapier's letters.

1748 - The ruins of Pompeii were found.

1778 - Oliver Pollock, a New Orleans businessman, created the "$" symbol.

1789 - The U.S. House of Representatives held its first full meeting in New York City. Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania was elected the first House Speaker.

1793 - In Japan, the volcano Unsen erupted killing about 53,000.

1826 - Samuel Mory patented the internal combustion engine.

1853 - Cincinnati became the first U.S. city to pay fire fighters a regular salary.

1863 - The first wartime conscription law goes into effect in the U.S.

1864 - The first travel accident policy was issued to James Batterson by the Travelers Insurance Company.

1865 - At the Battle of Five Forks in Petersburg, VA, Gen. Robert E. Lee began his final offensive.

1867 - Blacks voted in the municipal election in Tuscumbia, AL.

1867 - The International Exhibition opened in Paris.

1867 - Singapore, Penang & Malakka became British crown colonies.

1868 - The Hampton Institute opened.

1872 - The first edition of "The Standard" was published.

1873 - The British White Star steamship Atlantic sank off Nova Scotia killing 547.

1873 - Mehmed Kemals play "Vatan" premiered in Constantinople.

1876 - The first official National League (NL) baseball game took place. Boston beat Philadelphia 6-5.

1881 - Anti-Jewish riots took place in Jerusalem.

1881 - Kingdom post office in Netherlands opened.

1889 - The first dishwashing machine was marketed (in Chicago).

1891 - The London-Paris telephone connection opened.

1905 - The British East African Protectorate became the colony of Kenya.

1905 - Paris and Berlin were linked by telephone.

1916 - The first U.S. national women's swimming championships were held.

1918 - England's Royal Flying Corps was replaced by the Royal Air Force.

1924 - Adolf Hitler was sentenced to five years in prison for high treason in relation to the "Beer Hall Putsch."

1924 - Imperial Airways was formed in Britain.

1927 - The first automatic record changer was introduced by His Master's Voice.

1928 - China's Chiang Kai-shek began attacking communists.

1929 - Louie Marx introduced the Yo-Yo.

1930 - Leo Hartnett of the Chicago Cubs broke the altitude record for a catch by catching a baseball dropped from the Goodyear blimp 800 feet over Los Angeles, CA.

1931 - An Earthquake devastated Managua Nicaragua killing 2,000.

1931 - Jackie Mitchell became the first female in professional baseball when she signed with the Chattanooga Baseball Club.

1933 - Nazi Germany began the persecution of Jews by boycotting Jewish businesses.

1934 - Bonnie & Clyde killed 2 police officers.

1935 - The first radio tube to be made of metal was announced.

1937 - Aden became a British colony.

1938 - The first commercially successful fluorescent lamps were introduced.

1938 - The Baseball Hall of Fame opened in Cooperstown, NY.

1939 - The U.S. recognized the Franco government in Spain at end of Spanish civil war.

1941 - The first contract for advertising on a commercial FM radio station began on W71NY in New York City.

1945 - U.S. forces invaded Okinawa during World War II. It was the last campaign of World War II.

1946 - Weight Watchers was formed.

1946 - A tidal wave (tsunami) struck the Hawaiian Islands killing more than 170 people.

1948 - The Berlin Airlift began.

1949 - "Happy Pappy" premiered. It was the first all-black-cast variety show.

1950 - Italian Somalia became a United Nations trust territory under Italian administration.

1952 - The Big Bang theory was proposed in "Physical Review" by Alpher, Bethe & Gamow.

1953 - The U.S. Congress created the Department of Health Education and Welfare.

1954 - The U.S. Air Force Academy was formed in Colorado.

1955 - "One Man's Family" was seen on TV for the final time after a six-year run on NBC-TV.

1960 - France exploded 2 atom bombs in the Sahara Desert.

1960 - The U.S. launched TIROS-1. It was the first weather satellite.

1963 - Workers of the International Typographical Union ended their strike that had closed nine New York City newspapers. The strike ended 114 days after it began on December 8, 1962.

1963 - The Soap operas "General Hospital" and "Doctors" premiered on television.

1970 - The U.S. Army charged Captain Ernest Medina in the My Lai massacre.

1970 - U.S. President Nixon signed the bill, the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act, that banned cigarette advertisements to be effective on January 1, 1971.

1971 - The United Kingdom lifted all restrictions on gold ownership.

1972 - North Vietnamese and Viet Cong troops renewed their offensive in South Vietnam.

1973 - Japan allowed its citizens to own gold.

1976 - Apple Computer began operations.

1979 - Iran was proclaimed to be an Islamic Republic by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini after the fall of the Shah.

1980 - A failed assassination attempt against Iraqi vice-premier Tariq Aziz occurred.

1982 - The U.S. transferred the Canal Zone to Panama.

1983 - New York Islander Mike Bossy became the first National Hockey League (NHL) player to score 60 goals in 3 consecutive seasons.

1985 - World oil prices dropped below $10 a barrel.

1986 - The U.S. submarine Nathaniel Green ran aground in the Irish Sea.

1987 - Steve Newman became the first man to walk around the world. The walk was 22,000 miles and took 4 years.

1987 - U.S. President Reagan told doctors in Philadelphia, "We've declared AIDS public health enemy No. 1."

1991 - Iran released British hostage Roger Cooper after 5 years.

1991 - The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that jurors could not be barred from serving due to their race.

1991 - The Warsaw Pact was officially dissolved.

1992 - Players began the first strike in the 75-year history of the National Hockey League (NHL).

1996 - U.S. President Bill Clinton threw out the first ball preceding a game between the Kansas City Royals and the Baltimore Orioles.

1997 - David Carradine received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

1998 - A federal judge dismissed the Paula Jones' sexual harassment lawsuit against U.S. President Clinton saying that the claims fell "far short" of being worthy of a trial.

1999 - In Zhytomyr, Ukraine, Anatoliy Onoprienko was sentenced to death for the deaths of 52 men, women and children. 43 of the killings occurred in a 6-month period.

1999 - The Canadian territory of Nunavut was created. It was carved from the eastern part of the Northwest Territories and covered about 772,000 square miles.

2001 - China began holding 24 crewmembers of a U.S. surveillance plane. The EP-3E U.S. Navy crew had made an emergency landing after an in-flight collision with a Chinese fighter jet. The Chinese pilot was missing and presumed dead. The U.S. crew was released on April 11, 2001.

2001 - Former Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic was arrested on corruption charges after a 26-hour standoff with the police at his Belgrade villa.

2003 - North Korea test-fired an anti-ship missile off its west coast.

2003 - Jason Mewes was ordered to complete drug rehabilitation or face five years in jail stemming from a drug conviction in 1999.

2004 - U.S. President George W. Bush signed the Unborn Victims of Violence Act. The bill made it a crime to harm a fetus during an assault on a pregnant woman.

2004 - Gateway Inc. announced that it would be closing all of its 188 stores on April 9.

2009 - Albania and Croatia joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

2010 - The U.S. Congress cut Medicare reimbursements to physicians by 21%.

April 2, 2011

1513 - Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon sighted Florida. The next day he went ashore.

1792 - The U.S. Congress passed the Coinage Act to regulate the coins of the United States. The act authorized $10 Eagle, $5 half-Eagle & 2.50 quarter-Eagle gold coins & silver dollar, dollar, quarter, dime & half-dime to be minted.

1801 - During the Napoleonic Wars, the Danish fleet was destroyed by the British at the Battle of Copenhagen.

1860 - The first Italian Parliament met in Turin.

1865 - Confederate President Davis and most of his Cabinet fled the Confederate capital of Richmond, VA.

1872 - G.B. Brayton received a patent for the gas-powered streetcar.

1877 - The first Egg Roll was held on the grounds of the White House in Washington, DC.

1889 - Charles Hall patented aluminum.

1902 - The first motion picture theatre opened in Los Angeles with the name Electric Theatre.

1905 - The Simplon rail tunnel officially opened. The tunnel went under the Alps and linked Switzerland and Italy.

1910 - Karl Harris perfected the process for the artificial synthesis of rubber.

1914 - The U.S. Federal Reserve Board announced plans to divide the country into 12 districts.

1917 - U.S. President Woodrow Wilson presented a declaration of war against Germany to the U.S. Congress.

1932 - A $50,000 ransom was paid for the infant son of Charles and Anna Lindbergh. He child was not returned and was found dead the next month.

1935 - Sir Watson-Watt was granted a patent for RADAR.

1944 - The Soviet Union announced that its troops had crossed the Prut River and entered Romania.

1947 - "The Big Story" debuted on NBC radio. It was on the air for eight years.

1947 - The U.N. Security Council voted to appoint the U.S. as trustee for former Japanese-held Pacific Islands.

1951 - U.S. General Dwight Eisenhower assumed command of all allied forces in the Western Mediterranean area and Europe.

1956 - "The Edge of Night" and "As the World Turns" debuted on CBS-TV.

1958 - The National Advisory Council on Aeronautics was renamed NASA.

1960 - France signed an agreement with Madagascar that proclaimed the country an independent state within the French community.

1963 - Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King began the first non-violent campaign in Birmingham, AL.

1966 - South Vietnamese troops joined in demonstrations at Hue and Da Nang for an end to military rule.

1967 - In Peking, hundreds of thousands demonstrated against Mao foe Liu Shao-chi.

1972 - Burt Reynolds appeared nude in "Cosmopolitan" magazine.

1978 - The first episode of "Dallas" aired on CBS.

1981 - In Lebanon, thirty-seven people were reported killed during fighting in the cities of Beirut and Zahle. It was the worst violence since the 1976 cease fire.

1982 - Argentina invaded the British-owned Falkland Islands. The following June Britain took the islands back.

1983 - The New Jersey Transit strike that began on March 1 came to an end.

1984 - John Thompson became the first black coach to lead his team to the NCAA college basketball championship.

1984 - In Jerusalem, three Arab gunmen wounded 48 people when they opened fire into a crowd of shoppers.

1985 - The NCAA Rules Committee adopted the 45-second shot clock for men’s basketball to begin in the 1986 season.

1986 - On a TWA airliner flying from Rome to Athens a bomb exploded under a seat killing four Americans.

1987 - The speed limit on U.S. interstate highways was increased to 65 miles per hour in limited areas.

1988 - U.S. Special Prosecutor James McKay declined to indict Attorney General Edwin Meese for criminal wrongdoing.

1989 - An editorial in the "New York Times" declared that the Cold War was over.

1989 - General Prosper Avril, Haiti's military leader, survived a coup attempt. The attempt was apparently provoked by Avril's U.S.-backed efforts to fight drug trafficking.

1990 - Iraqi President Saddam Hussein threatened to incinerate half of Israel with chemical weapons if Israel joined a conspiracy against Iraq.

1992 - Mob boss John Gotti was convicted in New York of murder and racketeering. He was later sentenced to life in prison.

1995 - The costliest strike in professional sports history ended when baseball owners agreed to let players play without a contract.

1996 - Russia and Belarus signed a treaty that created a political and economic alliance in an effort to reunite the two former Soviet republics.

1996 - Lech Walesa resumed his old job as an electrician at the Gdansk shipyard. He was the former Solidarity union leader who became Poland's first post-war democratic president.

2002 - Israeli troops surrounded the Church of the Nativity. More than 200 Palestinians had taken refuge at the church when Israel invaded Bethlehem.

April 3, 2011

1513 - Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon landed in Florida. He had sighted the land the day before.

1776 - Harvard College conferred the first honorary Doctor of Laws degree to George Washington.

1829 - James Carrington patented the coffee mill.

1860 - The first Pony Express riders left St. Joseph, MO and Sacramento, CA. The trip across country took about 10 days. The Pony Express only lasted about a year and a half.

1862 - Slavery was abolished in Washington, DC.

1865 - Union forces occupy Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia.

1866 - Rudolph Eickemeyer and G. Osterheld patented a blocking and shaping machine for hats.

1882 - The American outlaw Jesse James was shot in the back and killed by Robert Ford for a $5,000 reward. There was later controversy over whether it was actually Jesse James that had been killed.

1910 - Alaska's Mt. McKinley, the highest mountain in North America was climbed.

1933 - First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt informed newspaper reporters that beer would be served at the White House. This followed the March 22 legislation that legalized "3.2" beer.

1936 - Richard Bruno Hauptmann was executed for the kidnapping and death of the son of Charles and Anne Lindbergh.

1942 - The Japanese began their all-out assault on the U.S. and Filipino troops at Bataan.

1946 - Lt. General Masaharu Homma, the Japanese commander responsible for the Bataan Death March, was executed in the Philippines.

1948 - U.S. President Harry Truman signed the Marshall Plan to revive war-torn Europe. It was $5 billion in aid for 16 countries.

1949 - Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis debuted on radio on the "Martin and Lewis Show". The NBC program ran until 1952.

1953 - "TV Guide" was published for the first time.

1967 - The U.S. State Department said that Hanoi might be brainwashing American prisoners.

1968 - Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his "mountaintop" speech just 24 hours before he was assassinated.

1968 - North Vietnam agreed to meet with U.S. representatives to set up preliminary peace talks.

1972 - Charlie Chaplin returned to the U.S. after a twenty-year absence.

1979 - Jane Byrne became the first female mayor in Chicago.

1982 - John Chancellor stepped down as anchor of the "The NBC Nightly News." Roger Mudd and Tom Brokaw became the co-anchors of the show.

1983 - It was reported that Vietnamese occupation forces had overrun a key insurgent base in western Cambodia.

1984 - Sikh terrorists killed a member of the Indian Parliament in his home.

1984 - Col. Lansana Konte became the new president of Guinea when the armed forces seized power after the death of Sekou Toure.

1985 - The U.S. charged that Israel violated the Geneva Convention by deporting Shiite prisoners.

1986 - The U.S. national debt hit $2 trillion.

1987 - Riots disrupted mass during the Pope's visit to Santiago, Chili.

1993 - The Norman Rockwell Museum opened in Stockbridge, MA.

1996 - An Air Force jetliner carrying Commerce Secretary Ron Brown crashed in Croatia, killing all 35 people aboard.

1996 - Unabomber suspect Theodore Kaczynski was arrested. He pled guilty in January 1998 to five Unabomber attacks in exchange for a life sentence without chance for parole.

1998 - The Dow Jones industrial average climbed above 9,000 for the first time.

2000 - A U.S. federal judge ruled that Microsoft had violated U.S. antitrust laws by keeping "an oppressive thumb" on its competitors. Microsoft said that they would appeal the ruling.

2000 - The Nasdaq set a one-day record when it lost 349.15 points to close at 4,233.68.

April 4, 2011

0896 - Formosus ended his reign as pope.

1541 - Ignatius of Loyola became the first superior-general of the Jesuits.

1581 - Francis Drake completed the circumnavigation of the world.

1687 - King James II ordered that his declaration of indulgence be read in church.

1812 - The territory of Orleans became the 18th U.S. state and will become known as Louisiana.

1818 - The U.S. flag was declared to have 13 red and white stripes and 20 stars and that a new star would be added for the each new state.

1841 - U.S. President William Henry Harrison, at the age of 68, became the first president to die in office. He had been sworn in only a month before he died of pneumonia.

1848 - Thomas Douglas became the first San Francisco public teacher.

1850 - The city of Los Angeles was incorporated.

1862 - In the U.S., the Battle of Yorktown began as Union General George B. McClellan closed in on Richmond, VA.

1887 - Susanna M. Salter became mayor of Argonia, KS, making her the first woman mayor in the U.S.

1902 - British Financier Cecil Rhodes left $10 million in his will that would provide scholarships for Americans to Oxford University in England.

1905 - In Kangra, India, an earthquake killed 370,000 people.

1914 - The first known serialized moving picture opened in New York City, NY. It was "The Perils of Pauline".

1917 - The U.S. Senate voted 90-6 to enter World War I on the Allied side.

1918 - The Battle of Somme, an offensive by the British against the German Army ended.

1932 - After five years of research, professor C.G. King, of the University of Pittsburgh, isolated vitamin C.

1945 - Hungary was liberated from Nazi occupation.

1945 - During World War II, U.S. forces liberated the Nazi death camp Ohrdruf in Germany.

1949 - Twelve nations signed a treaty to create The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

1953 - Fifteen doctors were released by Soviet leaders. The doctors had been arrested before Stalin had died and were accused of plotting against him.

1967 - The U.S. lost its 500th plane over Vietnam.

1967 - Johnny Carson quit "The Tonight Show." He returned three weeks later after getting a raise of $30,000 a week.

1968 - Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated at the age of 39.

1969 - Dr. Denton Cooley implanted the first temporary artificial heart.

1971 - Veterans stadium in Philadelphia, PA, was dedicated this day.

1974 - Hank Aaron tied Babe Ruth's major league baseball home-run record with 714.

1975 - More than 130 people, most of them children, were killed when a U.S. Air Force transport plane evacuating Vietnamese orphans crashed just after takeoff from Saigon.

1979 - Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the president of Pakistan, was executed. He had been convicted of conspiring to murder a political opponent.

1981 - Henry Cisneros became the first Mexican-American elected mayor of a major U.S. city, which was San Antonio, TX.

1983 - At Cape Canaveral, the space shuttle Challenger took off on its first flight. It was the sixth flight overall for the shuttle program.

1984 - U.S. President Reagan proposed an international ban on chemical weapons.

1985 - In Sudan, a coup ousted President Nimeiry and replaced him with General Dahab.

1986 - Wayne Gretzky set an NHL record with his 213th point of the season.

1987 - The U.S. charged the Soviet Union with wiretapping a U.S. Embassy.

1988 - Arizona Governor Evan Mecham was voted out of office by the Arizona Senate. Mecham was found guilty of diverting state funds to his auto business and of trying to impede an investigation into a death threat to a grand jury witness.

1990 - In the U.S., securities law violator Ivan Boesky was released from federal custody.

1991 - Pennsylvanian Senator John Heinz and six others were killed when a helicopter collided with Heinz's plane over a schoolyard in Merion, PA.

1992 - Sali Berisha became the first non-Marxist president of Albania since World War II.

1994 - Netscape Communications (Mosaic Communications) was founded.

1995 - U.S. Senator Alfonse D'Amato ridiculed judge Lance Ito using a mock Japanese accent on a nationally syndicated radio program. D'Amato apologized two days later for the act.

April 5, 2011

1242 - Russian troops repelled an invasion attempt by the Teutonic Knights.

1614 - American Indian Pocahontas married English colonist John Rolfe in Virginia.

1621 - The Mayflower sailed from Plymouth, MA, on a return trip to England.

1792 - U.S. President George Washington cast the first presidential veto. The measure was for apportioning representatives among the states.

1806 - Isaac Quintard patented the cider mill.

1827 - James H. Hackett became the first American actor to appear abroad as he performed at Covent Garden in London, England.

1843 - Queen Victoria proclaimed Hong Kong to be a British crown colony.

1869 - Daniel Bakeman, the last surviving soldier of the U.S. Revolutionary War, died at the age of 109.

1887 - Anne Sullivan taught Helen Keller the meaning of the word "water" as spelled out in the manual alphabet.

1892 - Walter H. Coe patented gold leaf in rolls.

1895 - Playwright Oscar Wilde lost his criminal libel case against the Marquess of Queensberry. Wilde had been accused of homosexual practices.

1908 - The Japanese Army reached the Yalu River as the Russians retreated.

1919 - Eamon de Valera became president of Ireland.

1923 - Firestone Tire and Rubber Company began the first regular production of balloon tires.

1930 - Mahatma Ghandi defied British law by making salt in India.

1933 - The first operation to remove a lung was performed at Barnes Hospital in St. Louis, MO.

1941 - German commandos secured docks along the Danube River in preparation for Germany’s invasion of the Balkans.

1951 - Americans Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were sentenced to death for committing espionage for the Soviet Union.

1953 - Jomo Kenyatta was convicted and sentenced to 7 years in prison for orchestrating the Mau-Mau rebellion in Kenya.

1955 - Winston Churchill resigned as British prime minister.

1984 - Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (Los Angeles Lakers) became the all-time NBA regular season scoring leader when he broke Wilt Chamberlain's record of 31,419 career points.

1985 - John McEnroe said "any man can beat any woman at any sport, especially tennis."

1986 - A discotheque in Berlin was bombed by Libyan terrorists. The U.S. attacked Libya with warplanes in retaliation on April 15, 1986.

1987 - FOX Broadcasting Company launched "Married....With Children" and "The Tracey Ullman Show". The two shows were the beginning of the FOX lineup.

1989 - In Poland, accords were signed between Solidarity and the government that set free elections for June 1989. The eight-year ban on Solidarity was also set to be lifted.

1998 - The Akashi Kaikyo Bridge in Japan opened becoming the largest suspension bridge in the world. It links Shikoku and Honshu. The bridge cost about $3.8 billion.

1999 - Two Libyans suspected of bombing a Pan Am jet in 1988 were handed over so they could be flown to the Netherlands for trial. 270 people were killed in the bombing.

1999 - In Laramie, WY, Russell Henderson pled guilty to kidnapping and felony murder in the death of Matthew Shepard.

2004 - Near Mexico City's international airport, lightning struck the jet Mexican President Vicente Fox was on.

2009 - North Korea launched the Kwangmyongsong-2 rocket, prompting an emergency meeting of the United Nations Security Council.

April 6, 2011

1199 - English King Richard I was killed by an arrow at the siege of the castle of Chaluz in France.

1789 - The first U.S. Congress began regular sessions at the Federal Hall in New York City.

1814 - Granted sovereignty in the island of Elba and a pension from the French government, Napoleon Bonaparte abdicates at Fountainebleau. He was allowed to keep the title of emperor.

1830 - Joseph Smith and five others organized the Mormon Church in Seneca, NY.

1830 - Relations between the Texans and Mexico reached a new low when Mexico would not allow further emigration into Texas by settlers from the U.S.

1862 - The American Civil War Battle of Shiloh began in Tennessee.

1865 - At the Battle of Sayler's Creek, a third of Lee's army was cut off by Union troops pursuing him to Appomattox.

1875 - Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for the multiple telegraph, which sent two signals at the same time.

1896 - The first modern Olympic Games began in Athens, Greece.

1903 - French Army Nationalists were revealed for forging documents to guarantee a conviction for Alfred Dryfus.

1909 - Americans Robert Peary and Matthew Henson claimed to be the first men to reach the North Pole.

1916 - Charlie Chaplin became the highest-paid film star in the world when he signed a contract with Mutual Film Corporation for $675,000 a year. He was 26 years old.

1917 - The U.S. Congress approved a declaration of war on Germany and entered World War I on the Allied side.

1924 - Four planes left Seattle on the first successful flight around the world.

1927 - William P. MacCracken, Jr. earned license number ‘1’ when the Department of Commerce issued the first aviator’s license.

1931 - "Little Orphan Annie" debuted on the NBC Blue network.

1938 - The United States recognized the German conquest of Austria.

1941 - German forces invaded Greece and Yugoslavia.

1945 - "This is Your FBI" debuted on ABC radio.

1953 - Iranian Premier Mossadegh demanded that the shah's power be reduced.

1957 - Trolley cars in New York City completed their final runs.

1959 - Hal Holbrook opened in the off-Broadway presentation of "Mark Twain Tonight."

1965 - U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorized the use of ground troops in combat operations in Vietnam.

1967 - In South Vietnam, 1,500 Viet Cong attacked Quangtri and freed 200 prisoners.

1981 - A Yugoslav Communist Party official confirmed reports of intense ethnic riots in Kosovo.

1983 - The U.S. Veteran's Administration announced it would give free medical care for conditions traceable to radiation exposure to more than 220,000 veterans who participated in nuclear tests from 1945 to 1962.

1985 - William J. Schroeder became the first artificial heart recipient to be discharged from the hospital.

1987 - Dennis Levine began a two-year jail term for insider trading.

1987 - The Dow Jones industrial average closed above 2,400 for the first time.

1987 - Sugar Ray Leonard took the middleweight title from Marvin Hagler.

1988 - Mathew Henson was awarded honors in Arlington National Cemetery. Henson had discovered the North Pole with Robert Peary.

1997 - Mario Lemieux (Pittsburgh Penguins) announced that he would retire from the National Hockey League (NHL) following the playoffs of the current season.

1998 - Citicorp and Travelers Group announced that they would be merging. The new creation was the largest financial-services conglomerate in the world. The name would become Citigroup.

1998 - The Dow Jones industrial average closed above 9,000 points for the first time.

1998 - Federal researchers in the U.S. announced that daily tamoxifen pills could cut breast cancer risk among high-risk women.

1998 - Pakistan successfully tested medium-range missiles capable of attacking neighboring India.

1999 - Carmen Electra filed for a divorce from Dennis Rodman. They had only been married six months.

April 7, 2011

1652 - The Dutch established a settlement at Cape Town, South Africa.

1712 - A slave revolt broke out in New York City.

1798 - The territory of Mississippi was organized.

1862 - Union General Ulysses S. Grant defeated Confederates at the Battle of Shiloh, TN.

1864 - The first camel race in America was held in Sacramento, California.

1888 - P.F. Collier published a weekly periodical for the first time under the name "Collier’s."

1922 - U.S. Secretary of Interior leased Teapot Dome naval oil reserves in Wyoming.

1927 - The first long-distance TV transmission was sent from Washington, DC, to New York City. The audience saw an image of Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover.

1930 - The first steel columns were set for the Empire State Building.

1933 - Prohibition ended in the United States.

1940 - Booker T. Washington became the first black to be pictured on a U.S. postage stamp.

1943 - British and American armies linked up between Wadi Akarit and El Guettar in North Africa to form a solid line against the German army.

1945 - The Japanese battleship Yamato, the world’s largest battleship, was sunk during the battle for Okinawa. The fleet was headed for a suicide mission.

1948 - The musical "South Pacific" by Rogers and Hammerstein debuted on Broadway.

1948 - The United Nations' World Health Organization began operations.

1953 - The Big Four met for the first time in 2 years to seek an end to their air conflicts.

1953 - IBM unveiled the IBM 701 Electronic Data Processing Machine. It was IBM's first commercially available scientific computer.

1957 - The last of New York City's electric trolleys completed its final run from Queens to Manhattan.

1963 - At the age of 23, jack Nicklaus became the youngest golfer to win the Green Jacket at the Masters Tournament.

1963 - Yugoslavia proclaimed itself a Socialist republic.

1963 - Josip Broz Tito was proclaimed to be the leader of Yugoslavia for life.

1966 - The U.S. recovered a hydrogen bomb it had lost off the coast of Spain.

1967 - Israel reported that they had shot down six Syrian MIGs.

1969 - The U.S. Supreme Court unanimously struck down laws prohibiting private possession of obscene material.

1970 - John Wayne won his first and only Oscar for his role in "True Grit." He had been in over 200 films.

1971 - U.S. President Nixon pledged to withdraw 100,000 more men from Vietnam by December.

1980 - The U.S. broke diplomatic relations with Iran and imposed economic sanctions in response to the taking of hostages on November 4, 1979.

1983 - Specialist Story Musgrave and Don Peterson made the first Space Shuttle spacewalk.

1983 - The Chinese government canceled all remaining sports and cultural exchanges with the U.S. for 1983.

1985 - In Goteborg, Sweden, China swept all of the world table tennis titles except for men's doubles.

1985 - In Sudan, Gen. Swar el-Dahab took over the Presidency while President Gaafar el-Nimeiry was visiting the U.S. and Egypt.

1985 - The Soviet Union announced a unilateral freeze on medium-range nuclear missiles.

1987 - In Oklahoma a 16-month-old baby was killed by a pit bull. On the same day a 67-year-old man was killed by another pit bull in Dayton, OH.

1988 - Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev agreed to final terms of a Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan. Soviet troops began leaving on May 16, 1988.

1988 - In Fort Smith, AR, 13 white supremacists were acquitted on charges for plotting to overthrow the U.S. federal government.

1989 - A Soviet submarine carrying nuclear weapons sank in the Norwegian Sea.

1990 - In the U.S., John Poindexter was found guilty of five counts at his Iran-Contra trial. The convictions were later reversed on appeal.

1990 - At Cincinnati's Contemporary Arts Center a display of Robert Mapplethorpe's photographs went on display. On the same day the center and its director were indicted on obscenity charges. The charges resulted in acquittal.

1994 - Civil war erupted in Rwanda between the Patriotic Front rebel group and government soldiers. Hundreds of thousands were slaughtered in the months that followed.

1998 - Mary Bono, the widow of Sonny Bono, won a special election to serve out the remainder of her husband's congressional term.

1999 - Yugoslav authorities sealed off Kosovo's main border crossings to prevent ethnic Albanians from leaving.

2000 - U.S. President Clinton signed the Senior Citizens Freedom to Work Act of 2000. The bill reversed a Depression-era law and allows senior citizens to earn money without losing Social Security retirement benefits.

2002 - The Roman Catholic archdiocese announced that six priests from the Archdiocese of New York were suspended over allegations of sexual misconduct.

2009 - Former Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori was sentenced to 25 years in prison for ordering killings and kidnappings by security forces.

April 8, 2011

1513 - Explorer Juan Ponce de Leon claimed Florida for Spain.

1525 - Albert von Brandenburg, the leader of the Teutonic Order, assumes the title "Duke of Prussia" and passed the first laws of the Protestant church, making Prussia a Protestant state.

1789 - The U.S. House of Representatives held its first meeting.

1832 - About 300 American troops of the 6th Infantry left Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis, to confront the Sauk Indians in the Black Hawk War.

1834 - In New York City, Cornelius Lawrence became the first mayor to be elected by popular vote in a city election.

1839 - The first Intercollegiate Rodeo was held at the Godshall Ranch, Apple Valley, CA.

1873 - Alfred Paraf patented the first successful oleomargarine.

1911 - The first squash tournament was played at the Harvard Club in New York City.

1913 - The Seventeenth amendment was ratified, requiring direct election of senators.

1935 - The Works Progress Administration was approved by the U.S. Congress.

1939 - Italy invaded Albania.

1942 - The Soviets opened a rail link to the besieged city of Leningrad.

1943 - Wendell Wilkie’s "One World" was published for the first time.

1946 - The League of Nations assembled in Geneva for the last time.

1947 - The first illustrated insurance policy was issued by the Allstate Insurance Company.

1952 - U.S. President Truman seized steel mills to prevent a nationwide strike.

1953 - The bones of Sitting Bull were moved from North Dakota to South Dakota.

1962 - Bay of Pigs invaders got thirty years imprisonment in Cuba.

1974 - Hank Aaron hits 715th home run breaking Babe Ruth's record.

1975 - Frank Robinson of the Cleveland Indians became first black manager of a major league baseball team.

1985 - India filed suit against Union Carbide for the Bhopal disaster.

1985 - Phyllis Diller underwent a surgical procedure for permanent eyeliner to eliminate the need for eyelid makeup.

1986 - Clint Eastwood was elected mayor of Carmel, CA.

1987 - Los Angeles Dodgers executive Al Campanis resigned over remarks he had made. While on ABC's "Nightline" Campanis said that blacks "may not have some of the necessities" to hold managerial jobs in major-league baseball.

1988 - Former U.S. President Reagan aid Lyn Nofzinger was sentenced to prison for illegal lobbying for Wedtech Corp.

1990 - In Nepal, King Birendra lifted the 30-year ban on political parties.

1992 - In Britain, the last issue of "Punch Magazine" was published.

1994 - Smoking was banned in the Pentagon and all U.S. military bases.

1998 - The widow of Martin Luther King Jr. presented new evidence in an appeal for new federal investigation of the assassination of her husband.

2000 - 19 U.S. troops were killed when a Marine V22 Osprey crashed during a training mission in Arizona.

2001 - Microsoft Corp. released Internet Explorer 4.0.

2002 - Ed McMahon filed a $20 million lawsuit against his insurance company, two insurance adjusters, and several environmental cleanup contractors. The suit alleged breach of contract, negligence and intentional infliction of emotional distress concerning a toxic mold that had spread through McMahon's Beverly Hills home.

2002 - Suzan-Lori Parks became the first African-American woman to win a Pulitzer Prize for drama for her play "Topdog/Underdog."

April 9, 2011

0193 - In the Balkans, the distinguished soldier Septimius Seversus was proclaimed emperor by the army in Illyricum.

0715 - Constantine ended his reign as Catholic Pope.

1241 - In the Battle of Liegnitz, Mongol armies defeated the Poles and the Germans.

1454 - The city states of Venice, Milan and Florence signed a peace agreement at Lodi, Italy.

1667 - In Paris, The first public art exhibition was held at the Palais-Royale.

1682 - Robert La Salle claimed the lower Mississippi River and all lands that touch it for France.

1770 - Captain James Cook discovered Botany Bay on the Australian continent.

1833 - Peterborough, NH, opened the first municipally supported public library in the United States.

1838 - The National Galley opened in London.

1865 - At Appomattox Court House, Virginia, General Robert E. Lee surrendered his Confederate Army to Union General Ulysses S. Grant in the parlor of William McClean's home. Grant allowed Rebel officers to keep their sidearms and permitted soldiers to keep their horses and mules. Though there were still Confederate armies in the field, the war was officially over. The four years of fighting had killed 360,000 Union troops and 260,000 Confederate troops.

1866 - The Civil Rights Bill passed over U.S. President Andrew Johnson's veto.

1867 - The U.S. Senate ratified the treaty with Russia that purchased the territory of Alaska by one vote.

1869 - The Hudson Bay Company ceded its territory to Canada.

1870 - The American Anti-Slavery Society was dissolved.

1872 - S.R. Percy received a patent for dried milk.

1900 - British forces routed the Boers at Kroonstadt, South Africa.

1905 - The first aerial ferry bridge went into operation in Duluth, MN.

1912 - The first exhibition baseball game was held at Fenway Park in Boston. The game was between Red Sox and Havard.

1913 - The Brooklyn Dodgers' Ebbets Field opened.

1914 - In London, the first full-color film, "The World, The Flesh & the Devil," was shown.

1916 - The German army launched it’s third offensive during the Battle of Verdun.

1917 - The Battle of Arras began as Canadian troops began a massive assault on Vimy Ridge.

1918 - Latvia proclaimed its independence.

1921 - The Russo-Polish conflict ended with signing of Riga Treaty.

1928 - Mae West made her debut on Broadway in the production of "Diamond Lil."

1940 - Germany invaded Norway and Denmark.

1942 - In the Battle of Bataan, American and Filipino forces were overwhelmed by the Japanese Army.

1945 - National Football League officials decreed that it was mandatory for football players to wear socks in all league games.

1945 - At Bari, Italy, the Liberty exploded and killed 360 people. The ship was carrying aerial bombs.

1947 - 169 people were killed and 1,300 were injured by a series of tornadoes in Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas.

1950 - Bob Hope made his first television appearance on "Star-Spangled Review" on NBC-TV.

1953 - TV Guide was published for the first time.

1957 - The Suez Canal was cleared for all shipping.

1959 - NASA announced the selection of America's first seven astronauts.

1963 - Winston Churchill became the first honorary U.S. citizen.

1965 - "TIME" magazine featured a cover with the entire "Peanuts" comic gang.

1965 - The Houston Astrodome held its first baseball game.

1967 - The first Boeing 737 was rolled out for use.

1968 - Murdered civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr., was buried.

1976 - The U.S. and Russia agreed on the size of nuclear tests for peaceful use.

1981 - The U.S. Submarine George Washington struck and sunk a small Japanese freighter in the East China Sea. The Nissho Maru's captain and first mate died.

1983 - The space shuttle Challenger concluded it first flight.

1984 - Nicaragua asked the World Court to declare U.S. support for guerilla raids illegal.

1985 - Japanese Premier Nakasone urged Japanese people to buy foreign products.

1986 - It was announced that Patrick Duffy's character on the TV show Dallas would be returning after being killed off.

1987 - Dikye Baggett became the first person to undergo corrective surgery for Parkinson’s disease.

1988 - The U.S. imposed economic sanctions on Panama.

1989 - 16 civilians were killed during rioting in Soviet Georgia.

1989 - Hundreds of thousands marched past the White House in support of the right to abortion.

1991 - Georgia voted to secede from the U.S.S.R.

1992 - Former Panamanian ruler Manuel Noriega was convicted in Miami, FL, of eight drug and racketeering charges.

1998 - The National Prisoner of War Museum opened in Andersonville, GA, at the site of an infamous Civil War camp.

1998 - More than 150 Muslims died in stampede in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, on last day of the haj pilgrimage.

1999 - In Djibouti, Ismail Omar Guelleh of the ruling Popular Rally for Progress and the Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy was elected president.

1999 - In Niger, President Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara was assassinated. Daouda Malam Wanke was designated president two days later.

2000 - CBS-TV aired "Failsafe." It was the first live full-length show to by aired by CBS in 39 years.

April 10, 2011

1741 - Frederick II of Prussia defeated Maria Theresa's forces at Mollwitz and conquered Silesia.

1790 - The U.S. patent system was established.

1809 - Austria declared war on France and its forces entered Bavaria.

1814 - Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Toulouse by the British and the Spanish. The defeat led to his abdication and exile to Elba.

1825 - The first hotel opened in Hawaii.

1849 - Walter Hunt patented the safety pin. He sold the rights for $100.

1854 - The constitution of the Orange Free State in south Africa was proclaimed.

1862 - Union forces began the bombardment of Fort Pulaski in Georgia along the Tybee River.

1865 - During the American Civil War, at Appomattox, General Robert E. Lee issued his last order.

1866 - The American Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) was incorporated.

1902 - South African Boers accepted British terms of surrender.

1912 - The Titanic set sail from Southampton, England.

1916 - The Professional Golfers Association (PGA) held its first championship tournament.

1919 - In Mexico, revolutionary leader Emiliano Zapata was killed by government troops.

1922 - The Genoa Conference opened. The meeting was used to discuss the reconstruction of Europe after World War I.

1925 - F. Scott Fitzgerald published "The Great Gatsby" for the first time.

1930 - The first synthetic rubber was produced.

1932 - Paul von Hindenburg was elected president of Germany with 19 million votes. Adolf Hitler came in second with 13 million votes.

1938 - Germany annexed Austria. 99.75 percent of Austrians had voted in a referundum to merge with Germany.

1941 - In World War II, U.S. troops occupied Greenland to prevent Nazi infiltration.

1941 - Ford Motor Co. became the last major automaker to recognize the United Auto Workers as the representative for its workers.

1944 - Russian troops recaptured Odessa from the Germans.

1945 - German Me 262 jet fighters shot down ten U.S. bombers near Berlin.

1953 - Warner Bros. released "House of Wax." It was the first 3-D movie to be released by a major Hollywood studio.

1953 - Actress Hedy Lamarr became a U.S. citizen.

1959 - Japan's Crown Prince Akihito married commoner Michiko Shoda.

1960 - The U.S. Senate passed the Civil Rights Bill.

1961 - Gary Player of South Africa became the first foreign golfer to win the Masters Golf Tournament in Augusta, Georgia.

1963 - 129 people died when the nuclear-powered submarine USS Thresher failed to surface off Cape Cod, MA.

1967 - The 13-day strike by the American Federation of Radio-TV Artists (AFTRA) came to an end less than two hours before the 39th Academy Awards presentation went on the air.

1968 - U.S. President Johnson replaced General Westmoreland with General Creighton Abrams in Vietnam.

1971 - The American table tennis team arrived in China. They were the first group of Americans officially allowed into China since the founding of the People Republic in 1949. The team had recieved the surprise invitation while in Japan for the 31st World Table Tennis Championship.

1972 - An earthquake in southern Iran killed more than 5,000 people.

1972 - The U.S. and the Soviet Union joined with 70 other nations in signing an agreement banning biological warfare.

1973 - In Switzerland, 108 people died when a plane crashed while attempting to land at Basel.

1974 - Yitzhak Rabin replaced resigning Israeli Prime Minister, Golda Meir. Meir resigned over differences within her Labor Party.

1980 - Spain and Britain agreed to reopen the border between Gibraltar and Spain. It had been closed since 1969.

1981 - Imprisoned IRA hunger striker Bobby Sands was elected to the British Parliament.

1981 - The maiden launch of the space shuttle Columbia was cancelled because of a computer malfunction.

1984 - The U.S. Senate condemned the CIA mining of Nicaraguan harbors.

1988 - On Wall Street, 48 million shares of Navistar International stock changed hands in a single-block trade. It was the largest transaction ever executed on the New York Stock Exchange.

1990 - Three European hostages kidnapped at sea in 1987 by Palestinian extremists were released in Beirut.

1992 - A bomb exploded in London's financial district. The bomb, set off by the Irish Republican Army, killed three people and injured 91.

1992 - Outside Needles, CA, comedian Sam Kinison was killed when a pickup truck slammed into his car on a desert road between Los Angeles and Las Vegas.

1992 - In Los Angeles, financier Charles Keating Jr. was sentenced to nine years in prison for swindling investors when his Lincoln Savings and Loan collapsed. The convictions were later overturned.

1993 - South African Communist Party leader Chris Hani was assassinated.

1994 - NATO warplanes launched air strikes for the first time on Serb forces that were advancing on the Bosnian Muslim town of Gordazde. The area had been declared a U.N. safe area.

1996 - U.S. President Clinton vetoed a bill that would have outlawed a technique used to end pregnancies in their late stages.

1997 - Rod Steiger received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

1998 - Negotiators reached a peace accord on governing British ruled Northern Ireland. Britain's direct rule was ended.

1999 - The www.June4.org web site was launched by Chinese dissidents and human rights activists to promote their campaign for democracy in China.

2000 - Monitors from the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) reported irregularities in the voting in Georgia's presidential election on April 9. President Eduard Shevardnadze was reelected to a new five-year term.

2000 - Ken Griffey Jr. became the youngest player in baseball history to reach 400 home runs. He was 30 years, 141 days old.

2001 - Jane Swift took office as the first female governor of Massachusetts. She succeeded Paul Cellucci, who had resigned to become the U.S. ambassador to Canada.

2001 - The Netherlands legalized mercy killings and assisted suicide for patients with unbearable, terminal illness.

2002 - Former Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu spoke before the U.S. Senate as a representative of the Israeli government. He warned that suicide bombers would spread to the U.S. if Israel was not allowed to finish its military offensive in the West Bank. Netanyaho also cited the goals of dismantling the terror regime and expelling Arafat from the region, ridding the Palestinian territories of terrorist weapons and establishing "physical barriers" to protect Israelis from future Palestinian attacks.

2009 - In Fiji, President Josefa Iloilo suspended the nation's Constitution, dismissed all judges and constitutional appointees and assumed all governance in the country.

April 11, 2011

2010 : I got married :-)

April 11, 2011

1512 - The forces of the Holy League were heavily defeated by the French at the Battle of Ravenna.

1689 - William III and Mary II were crowned as joint sovereigns of Britain.

1713 - The Treaty of Utrecht was signed, ending the War of Spanish Succession.

1783 - After receiving a copy of the provisional treaty on March 13, the U.S. Congress proclaimed a formal end to hostilities with Great Britain.

1803 - A twin-screw propeller steamboat was patented by John Stevens.

1814 - Napoleon was forced to abdicate his throne. The allied European nations had marched into Paris on March 30, 1814. He was banished to the island of Elba.

1876 - The stenotype was patented by John C. Zachos.

1876 - The Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks was organized.

1895 - Anaheim, CA, completed its new electric light system.

1898 - U.S. President William McKinley asked Congress for a declaration of war with Spain.

1899 - The treaty ending the Spanish-American War was declared in effect.

1921 - Iowa became the first state to impose a cigarette tax.

1921 - The first live sports event on radio took place this day on KDKA Radio. The event was a boxing match between Johnny Ray and Johnny Dundee.

1940 - Andrew Ponzi set a world's record in a New York pocket billiards tournament when he ran 127 balls straight.

1941 - Germany bombers blitzed Conventry, England.

1945 - U.S. troops reached the Elbe River in Germany.

1945 - During World War II, American soldiers liberated the Nazi concentration camp of Buchenwald in Germany.

1947 - Jackie Robinson became the first black player in major-league history. He played in an exhibition game for the Brooklyn Dodgers.

1951 - U.S. President Truman fired General Douglas MacArthur as head of United Nations forces in Korea.

1961 - Israel began the trial of Adolf Eichman, accused of World War II war crimes.

1968 - U.S. President Johnson signed the 1968 Civil Rights Act.

1970 - Apollo 13 blasted off on a mission to the moon that was disrupted when an explosion crippled the spacecraft. The astronauts did return safely.

1974 - The Judiciary committee subpoenas U.S. President Richard Nixon to produce tapes for impeachment inquiry.

1979 - Idi Amin was deposed as president of Uganda as rebels and exiles backed by Tanzanian forces seized control.

1980 - The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission issued regulations specifically prohibiting sexual harassment of workers by supervisors.

1981 - U.S. President Ronald Reagan returned to the White House from the hospital after recovering from an assassination attempt on March 30.

1981 - In the Brixton area of London, a race riot erupted that resulted in the injury of more than 300 people.

1984 - China invaded Vietnam.

1984 - General Secretary Konstantin U. Cherenkov was named president of the Soviet Union.

1985 - Scientists in Hawaii measured the distance between the earth and moon within one inch.

1985 - The White House announced that President Reagan would visit the Nazi cemetery at Bitburg.

1986 - Dodge Morgan sailed solo nonstop around the world in 150 days.

1986 - In Groton, CT, the submarine Nautilus exhibit opened to the public.

1986 - Kellogg's stopped giving tours of its breakfast-food plant. The reason for the end of the 80-year tradition was said to be that company secrets were at risk due to spies from other cereal companies.

1991 - U.N. Security Council issued a formal cease-fire with Iraq.

1996 - Forty-three African nations signed the African Nuclear Weapons Free Zone Treaty.

1996 - Seven-year-old Jessica Dubroff was killed with her father and flight instructor when her plane crashed after takeoff from Cheyenne, Wyoming. Jessica had hoped to become the youngest person to fly cross-country.

1998 - Northern Ireland's biggest political party, the Ulster Unionists, announced its backing of the historic peace deal.

1999 - Daouda Malam Wanke was designated president of Niger. President Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara had been assassinated on April 9.

2001 - China agreed to release 24 crewmembers of a U.S. surveillance plane. The EP-3E Navy crew had been held since April 1 on Hainon, where the plane had made an emergency landing after an in-flight collision with a Chinese fighter jet. The Chinese pilot was missing and presumed dead.

April 12, 2011

1096 - Peter the Hermit gathered his army in Cologne.

1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacked Constantinople.

1606 - England adopted the original Union jack as its flag.

1770 - The British Parliament repealed the Townsend Acts.

1782 - The British navy won its only naval engagement against the colonists in the American Revolution at the Battle of Saints, off Dominica.

1799 - Phineas Pratt patented the comb cutting machine.

1811 - The first colonists arrived at Cape Disappointment, Washington.

1833 - Charles Gaylor patented the fireproof safe.

1861 - Fort Sumter was shelled by Confederacy, starting America's Civil War.

1864 - Confederate Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest captured Fort Pillow, in Tennessee and slaughters the black Union troops there.

1877 - A catcher's mask was used in a baseball game for the first time by James Alexander Tyng.

1892 - Voters in Lockport, New York, became the first in the U.S. to use voting machines.

1905 - The Hippodrome opened in New York City.

1911 - Pierre Prier completed the first non-stop London-Paris flight in three hours and 56 minutes.

1916 - American cavalrymen and Mexican bandit troops clashed at Parrel, Mexico.

1927 - The British Cabinet came out in favor of women voting rights.

1934 - F. Scott Fitzgerald novel "Tender Is the Night" was first published.

1938 - The first U.S. law requiring a medical test for a marriage license was enacted in New York.

1944 - The U.S. Twentieth Air Force was activated to begin the strategic bombing of Japan.

1945 - In New York, the organization of the first eye bank, the Eye Bank for Sight Restoration, was announced.

1945 - U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt died in Warm Spring, GA. He died of a cerebral hemorrhage at the age of 63. Harry S Truman became president.

1955 - The University of Michigan Polio Vaccine Evaluation Center announced that the polio vaccine of Dr. Jonas Salk was "safe, effective and potent."

1961 - Soviet Yuri Alexeyevich Gagarin became first man to orbit the Earth.

1963 - Police used dogs and cattle prods on peaceful civil rights demonstrators in Birmingham, AL.

1966 - Emmett Ashford became the first African-American major league umpire.

1967 - Jim Brown made his TV acting debut on the NBC show "I Spy."

1969 - Lucy and Snoopy of the comic strip "Peanuts" made the cover of "Saturday Review."

1981 - The space shuttle Columbia blasted off from Cape Canaveral, FL, on its first test flight.

1982 - The British Navy began enforcing a blockade around the Falkland Islands.

1982 - Three CBS employees were shot to death in a New York City parking lot.

1983 - Harold Washington was elected the first black mayor of Chicago.

1984 - Astronauts aboard the space shuttle Challenger made the first satellite repair in orbit by returning the Solar Max satellite to space.

1984 - Israeli troops stormed a bus that had been hijacked the previous evening by four Arab terrorists. All the passengers were rescued and 2 of the hijackers were killed.

1985 - U.S. Senator Jake Garn of Utah became the first senator to fly in space as the shuttle Discovery lifted off from Cape Canaveral, FL.

1985 - In Spain, an explosion in a restaurant near a U.S. base killed 17 people.

1985 - Federal inspectors declared that four animals of the Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus were not unicorns. They were goats with horns that had been surgically implanted.

1987 - Texaco filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy after it failed to settle a legal dispute with Pennzoil Co.

1988 - Harvard University won a patent for a genetically altered mouse. It was the first patent for a life form.

1988 - The Chinese government named a new array of younger leaders to ensure economic reform.

1989 - In the U.S.S.R, ration cards were issued for the first time since World War II. The ration was prompted by a sugar shortage.

1992 - Disneyland Paris opened in Marne-La-Vallee, France.

1993 - NATO began enforcing a no-fly zone over Bosnia and Herzegovina.

2000 - More than 1,500 anti-drug agents raided four cities in Colombia and arrested 46 members of the "most powerful" heroin ring.

2000 - Robert Cleaves, 71, was convicted of second degree murder and was sentenced to 16 years in prison. Cleaves had repeatedly run over Arnold Guerreiro on September 30, 1998 with his car after the two had an argument.

2000 - Israel's High Court ordered the release of eight Lebanese detainees that had been held for years without a trial.

2002 - A first edition version of Beatrix Potter's "Peter Rabbit" sold for $64,780 at Sotheby's. A signed first edition of J.R.R. Tolkien's "The Hobbit" sold for $66,630. A copy of "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone," signed by J.K. Rowling sold for $16,660. A 250-piece collection of rare works by Charles Dickens sold for $512,650.

2002 - It was announced that the South African version of "Sesame Street" would be introducing a character that was HIV-positive.

2002 - JCPenney Chairman Allen Questrom rang the opening bell to start the business day at the New York Stock Exchange as part of the company's centennial celebrations. James Cash (J.C.) Penney opened his first retail store on April 14, 1902.

April 13, 2011

1598 - King Henry IV of France signed the Edict of Nantes which granted political rights to French Protestant Huguenots.

1759 - The French defeated the European allies in Battle of Bergen.

1775 - Lord North extended the New England Restraining Act to South, Carolina, Virginia, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Maryland. The act prohibited trade with any country other than Britain and Ireland.

1782 - Washington, NC, was incorporated as the first town to be named for George Washington.

1796 - The first known elephant to arrive in the United States from Bengal, India.

1808 - William "Juda" Henry Lane perfected the tap dance.

1829 - The English Parliament granted freedom of religion to Catholics.

1849 - The Hungarian Republic was proclaimed.

1860 - The first mail was delivered via Pony Express when a westbound rider arrived in Sacremento, CA from St. Joseph, MO.

1861 - After 34 hours of bombardment, the Union-held Fort Sumter surrenders to Confederates.

1870 - The Metropolitan Museum of Art was founded in New York City.

1916 - The first hybrid, seed corn was purchased for 15-cents a bushel by Samuel Ramsay.

1919 - British forces killed hundreds of Indian nationalists in the Amritsar Massacre.

1933 - The first flight over Mount Everest was completed by Lord Clydesdale.

1941 - German troops captured Belgrade, Yugoslavia.

1943 - U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt dedicated the Jefferson Memorial.

1945 - Vienna fell to Soviet troops.

1949 - Philip S. Hench and associates announced that cortizone was an effective treatment for rheumatoid arthritis.

1954 - Hank Aaron debuted with the Milwaukee Braves.

1959 - A Vatican edict prohibited Roman Catholics from voting for Communists.

1960 - The first navigational satellite was launched into Earth's orbit.

1961 - The U.N. General Assembly condemned South Africa due to apartheid.

1962 - In the U.S., major steel companies rescinded announced price increases. The John F. Kennedy administration had been applying pressure against the price increases.

1963 - Pete Rose of the Cincinnati Reds got his first hit in the major leagues.

1964 - Sidney Poitier became the first black to win an Oscar for best actor. It was for his role in the movie "Lilies of the Field."

1970 - An oxygen tank exploded on Apollo 13, preventing a planned moon landing.

1972 - The first strike in the history of major league baseball ended. Players had walked off the field 13 days earlier.

1976 - The U.S. Federal Reserve introduced $2 bicentennial notes.

1979 - The world's longest doubles ping-pong match ended after 101 hours.

1981 - Washington Post reporter Janet Cooke received a Pulitzer Prize for her feature about an 8-year-old heroin addict named "Jimmy." Cooke relinquished the prize two days later after admitting she had fabricated the story.

1984 - U.S. President Reagan sent emergency military aid to El Salvador without congressional approval.

1984 - Christopher Walker was killed in a fight with police in New Hampshire. Walker was wanted as a suspect in the kidnappings of 11 young women in several states.

1990 - The Soviet Union accepted responsibility for the World War II murders of thousands of imprisoned Polish officers in the Katyn Forest. The Soviets had previously blamed the massacre on the Nazis.

1997 - Tiger Woods became the youngest person to win the Masters Tournament at the age of 21. He also set a record when he finished at 18 under par.

1998 - NationsBank and BankAmerica announced a $62.5 billion merger, creating the country's first coast-to-coast bank.

1998 - Dolly, the world's first cloned sheep, gave natural birth to a healthy baby lamb.

1999 - jack Kervorkian was sentenced in Pontiac, MI, to 10 to 25 years in prison for the second-degree murder of Thomas Youk. Youk's assisted suicide was videotaped and shown on "60 Minutes" in 1998.

2000 - Richard Gordon was charged with trying to extort $250,000 from Louie Anderson in exchange for not telling the tabloid media about Anderson once asking him for sex. Gordon was held without bail pending a court hearing.

2000 - It was announced that 69 people had died when the Arlahada, a Philippine ferry, capsized. 70 people were rescued.

2002 - Twenty-five Hindus were killed and about 30 were wounded when grenades were thrown by suspected Islamic guerrillas near Jammu-Kashir.

2002 - Venezuela's interim president, Pedro Carmona, resigned a day after taking office. Thousands of protesters had supported over the ousting of president Hugo Chavez.

April 14, 2011

1775 - The first abolitionist society in U.S. was organized in Philadelphia with Ben Franklin as president.

1793 - A royalist rebellion in Santo Domingo was crushed by French republican troops.

1828 - The first edition of Noah Webster's dictionary was published under the name "American Dictionary of the English Language."

1860 - The first Pony Express rider arrived in San Francisco with mail originating in St. Joseph, MO.

1865 - U.S. President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated in Ford's Theater by John Wilkes Booth. He actually died early the next morning.

1894 - First public showing of Thomas Edison's kinetoscope took place.

1902 - James Cash (J.C.) Penney opened his first retail store in Kemmerer, WY. It was called the Golden Rule Store.

1910 - U.S. President William Howard Taft threw out the first ball for the Washington Senators and the Philadelphia Athletics.

1912 - The Atlantic passenger liner Titanic, on its maiden voyage hit an iceberg and began to sink. 1,517 people lost their lives and more than 700 survived.

1918 - The U.S. First Aero Squadron engaged in America's first aerial dogfight with enemy aircraft over Toul, France.

1925 - WGN became the first radio station to broadcast a regular season major league baseball game. The Cubs beat the Pirates 8-2.

1931 - King Alfonso XIII of Spain went into exile and the Spanish Republic was proclaimed.

1939 - The John Steinbeck novel "The Grapes of Wrath" was first published.

1946 - The civil war between Communists and nationalist resumed in China.

1953 - Viet Minh invaded Laos with 40,00 troops.

1956 - Ampex Corporation of Redwood City, CA, demonstrated the first commercial magnetic tape recorder for sound and picture.

1959 - The Taft Memorial Bell Tower was dedicated in Washington, DC.

1969 - For the first time, a major league baseball game was played in Montreal, Canada.

1981 - America's first space shuttle, Columbia, returned to Earth after a three-day test flight. The shuttle orbited the Earth 36 times during the mission.

1984 - The Texas Board of Education began requiring that the state's public school textbooks describe the evolution of human beings as "theory rather than fact".

1985 - The Russian paper "Pravda" called U.S. President Reagan's planned visit to Bitburg to visit the Nazi cemetery an "act of blasphemy".

1986 - U.S. President Reagan announced the U.S. air raid on military and terrorist related targets in Libya.

1987 - Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev proposed banning all missiles from Europe.

1988 - Representatives from the U.S.S.R., Pakistan, Afghanistan and the U.S. signed an agreement that called for the withdrawal of Soviet forces from Afghanistan starting on May 15. The last Soviet troop left Afghanistan on February 15, 1989.

1988 - In New York, real estate tycoons Harry and Leona Helmsley were indicted for income tax evasion.

1990 - Cal Ripken of the Baltimore Orioles began a streak of 95 errorless games and 431 total chances by a shortstop.

1994 - Two American F-15 warplanes inadvertently shot down two U.S. helicopters over northern Iraq. 26 people were killed including 15 Americans.

1998 - The state of Virginia ignored the requests from the World Court and executed a Paraguayan for the murder of a U.S. woman.

1999 - Pakistan test-fired a ballistic missile that was capable of carrying a nuclear warhead and reaching its rival neighbor India.

2000 - After five years of deadlock, Russia approved the START II treaty that calls for the scrapping of U.S. and Russian nuclear warheads. The Russian government warned it would abandon all arms-control pacts if Washington continued with an anti-missile system.

2002 - U.S. President George W. Bush sent a letter of congratulations to JCPenny's associates for being in business for 100 years. James Cash (J.C.) Penney had opened his first retail store on April 14, 1902.

2002 - Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez returned to office two days after being arrested by his country's military.

2008 - Delta Air Lines and Northwest Airlines announced they were combining.

April 15, 2011

1784 - The first balloon was flown in Ireland.

1794 - "Courrier Francais" became the first French daily newspaper to be published in the U.S.

1813 - U.S. troops under James Wilkinson attacked the Spanish-held city of Mobile that would be in the future state of Alabama.

1817 - The first American school for the deaf was opened in Hartford, CT.

1850 - The city of San Francisco was incorporated.

1858 - At the Battle of Azimghur, the Mexicans defeated Spanish loyalists.

1861 - U.S. President Lincoln mobilized the Federal army.

1865 - U.S. President Abraham Lincoln died from injuries inflicted by John Wilkes Booth.

1871 - "Wild Bill" Hickok became the marshal of Abilene, Kansas.

1880 - William Gladstone became Prime Minister of England.

1892 - The General Electric Company was organized.

1899 - Thomas Edison organized the Edison Portland Cement Company.

1912 - The ocean liner Titanic sank at 2:27 a.m. in the North Atlantic after hitting an iceberg the evening before. 1,517 people died and more than 700 people survived.

1917 - The British defeated the Germans at the battle of Arras.

1919 - British troops killed 400 Indians at Amritsar, India.

1923 - Insulin became generally available for people suffering with diabetes.

1934 - In the comic strip "Blondie," Dagwood and Blondie Bumstead welcomed a baby boy, Alexander. The child would be nicknamed, Baby Dumpling.

1940 - French and British troops landed at Narvik, Norway.

1945 - During World War II, British and Canadian troops liberated the Nazi concentration camp Bergen-Belsen.

1947 - Jackie Robinson played his first major league baseball game for the Brooklyn Dodgers. Previously he had only appeared in exhibition games.

1948 - The Arabs were defeated in the first Jewish-Arab battle.

1951 - The first episode of the "Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok" radio show aired.

1952 - U.S. President Harry Truman signed the official Japanese peace treaty.

1952 - The first B-52 prototype was tested in the air.

1953 - In Buenos Aires, six people were killed by a bomb at a rally addressed by President Peron.

1953 - Pope Pius XII gave his approval of psychoanalysis but warned of possible abuses.

1953 - Charlie Chaplin surrendered his U.S. re-entry permit rather than face proceedings by the U.S. Justice Department. Chaplin was accused of sympathizing with Communist groups.

1955 - Ray Kroc started the McDonald's restaurant chain.

1956 - The worlds’ first, all-color TV station was dedicated. It was WNBQ-TV in Chicago and is now WMAQ-TV.

1956 - General Motors announced that the first free piston automobile had been developed.

1959 - Cuban leader Fidel Castro began a U.S. goodwill tour.

1960 - The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was organized at Shaw University.

1967 - Richard Speck was found guilty of murdering eight student nurses.

1983 - Tokyo Disneyland opened.

1984 - Ten members of a family were found murdered in their home in New York City. An infant was found crawling among the corpses.

1986 - U.S. F-111 warplanes attacked Libya in response to the bombing of a discotheque in Berlin on April 5, 1986.

1987 - In Northhampton, MA, Amy Carter, Abbie Hoffman and 13 others were acquitted on civil disobedience charges related with a CIA protest.

1987 - In New York City, Mbongeni Ngema's "Asinamali!" opened as the first South African play on Broadway.

1989 - Students in Beijing launched a series of pro democracy protests upon the death of former Communist Party leader Hu Yaobang. The protests led to the Tienanmen Square massacre.

1989 - In Sheffield, England, 93 people were killed and 180 were injured at a soccer game at Hillsborough Stadium when a crowd surged into an overcrowded standing area.

1994 - The World Trade Organization was established.

1997 - Christopher Reeve received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

1998 - Pol Pot died at the age of 73. The leader of the Khmer Rouge regime thereby evaded prosecution for the deaths of 2 million Cambodians.

1999 - In Algeria, former Foreign Minister Abdelaziz Bouteflika was elected president. All of the opposition candidates claimed that the vote was fraudulent and withdrew from the election.

1999 - In Rawalpindi, Pakistan, a panel of two Lahore High Court judges convicted former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto and her husband, Asif Ali Zardari, of corruption.

April 16, 2011

0069 - Otho committed suicide after being defeated by Vitellius' troops at Bedriacum.

0556 - Pelagius I began his reign as Catholic Pope.

1065 - The Norman Robert Guiscard took Bari. Five centuries of Byzantine rule in southern Italy ended.

1175 - Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, signed the Treaty of Montebello with the Lombard League.

1705 - Queen Anne of England knighted Isaac Newton.

1746 - The Duke of Cumberland defeated Bonnie Prince Charlie (and his Jacobites) at the battle of Culloden.

1818 - The U.S. Senate ratified Rush-Bagot amendment to form an unarmed U.S.-Canada border.

1851 - A lighthouse was swept away in a gale at Minot’s Ledge, MA.

1854 - San Salvador was destroyed by an earthquake.

1862 - Confederate President Jefferson Davis approved conscription act for white males between 18 and 35.

1862 - In the U.S., slavery was abolished by law in the District of Columbia.

1883 - Paul Kruger became president of the South African Republic.

1900 - The first book of postage stamps was issued. The two-cent stamps were available in books of 12, 24 and 48 stamps.

1905 - Andrew Carnegie donated $10,000,000 of personal money to set up the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.

1912 - Harriet Quimby became the first woman to fly across the English Channel.

1917 - Vladimir Ilyich Lenin returned to Russia to start Bolshevik Revolution after years of exile.

1922 - Annie Oakley shot 100 clay targets in a row, to set a women's record.

1922 - The Soviet Union and Germany signed the Treaty of Rapallo under which Germany recognized the Soviet Union and diplomatic and trade relations were restored.

1935 - "Fibber McGee and Molly" premiered.

1940 - The first no-hit, no-run game to be thrown on an opening day of the major league baseball season was earned by Bob Feller. The Cleveland Indians beat the Chicago White Sox 1-0.

1942 - The Island of Malta was awarded the George Cross in recognition for heroism under constant German air attack.

1943 - In Basel, Switzerland, chemist Albert Hoffman accidently discovered the the hallucinogenic effects of LSD-25 while working on the medicinal value of lysergic acid.

1944 - The destroyer USS Laffey survived immense damage from attacks by 22 Japanese aircraft off Okinawa.

1945 - American troops entered Nuremberg, Germany.

1947 - The Zoomar lens, invented by Dr. Frank Back, was demonstrated in New York City. It was the first lens to exhibit zooming effects.

1947 - In Texas City, TX, the French ship Grandcamp, carrying ammonium nitrate fertilizer, caught fire and blew up. The explosions and resulting fires killed 576 people.

1948 - In Paris, the Organization for European Economic Co-operation was set up.

1951 - 75 people were killed when the British submarine Affray sank in the English Channel.

1953 - The British royal yacht Britannia was launched.

1962 - Walter Cronkite began anchoring "The CBS Evening News".

1968 - The Pentagon announced that troops would begin coming home from Vietnam.

1968 - Major league baseball’s longest night game was played. The 24 innings took six hours, six minutes to play.

1972 - Apollo 16 blasted off on a voyage to the moon. It was the fifth manned moon landing.

1972 - Two giants pandas arrived in the U.S. from China.

1975 - The Khmer Rouge Rebels won control of Cambodia after a five years of civil war. They renamed the country Kampuchea and began a reign of terror.

1978 - In Orissa, India, 180 people died when a tornado hit.

1982 - Queen Elizabeth proclaimed Canada's new constitution in effect. The act severed the last colonial links with Britain.

1983 - China shelled the Vietnam border in retaliation for raids.

1983 - Brazil detained four Libyan planes en route to Nicaragua after finding weapons, explosives and ammunition on the planes.

1985 - Mickey Mantle was reinstated after being banned from baseball for several years.

1987 - The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) sternly warned U.S. radio stations to watch the use of indecent language on the airwaves.

1987 - The U.S. Patent Office began allowing the patenting of new animals created by genetic engineering.

1992 - Italian financier Carlo de Benedetti and 32 others were convicted of fraud in connection with the 1982 collapse of Banco Ambrosiano.

1992 - The House ethics committee listed 303 current and former lawmakers who had overdrawn their House bank accounts.

1995 - The European Union and Canada agreed to protect threatened fish stocks in the north Atlantic.

1996 - Britain's Prince Andrew and his wife, Sarah, the Duchess of York, announced that they were in the process of getting a divorce.

1996 - An Italian court found former Prime Minister Bettino Craxi guilty on charges of corruption. He was sentenced to eight years and three months in prison.

1999 - Wayne Gretzky announced his retirement from the National Hockey League (NHL).

2002 - The U.S. Supreme Court overturned major parts of a 1996 child pornography law based on rights to free speech.

2007 - In Blacksburg, VA, a student killed 33 people at Virginia Tech before killing himself.

April 17, 2011

1492 - Christopher Columbus signed a contract with Spain to find a passage to Asia and the Indies.

1521 - Martin Luther was excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church.

1524 - New York Harbor was discovered by Giovanni Verrazano.

1535 - Antonio Mendoza was appointed first viceroy of New Spain.

1629 - Horses were first imported into the colonies by the American Massachusetts Bay Colony.

1704 - John Campbell published what would eventually become the first successful American newspaper. It was known as the Boston "News-Letter."

1758 - Frances Williams published a collection of Latin poems. He was the first African-American to graduate from a college in the western hemisphere.

1808 - Bayonne Decree by Napoleon I of France ordered the seizure of U.S. ships.

1810 - Pineapple cheese was patented by Lewis M. Norton.

1824 - Russia abandoned all North American claims south of 54' 40'.

1860 - New Yorkers learned of a new law that required fire escapes to be provided for tenement houses.

1861 - Virginia became the eighth state to secede from the Union.

1864 - U.S. Civil War General Grant banned the trading of prisoners.

1865 - Mary Surratt was arrested as a conspirator in the Lincoln assassination.

1875 - The game "snooker" was invented by Sir Neville Chamberlain.

1895 - China and Japan signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki. It was the end of the first Sino-Japanese War. In the treaty China ceded Taiwan to Japan.

1916 - The American Academy of Arts and Letters obtained a charter from the U.S. Congress.

1917 - A bill in Congress to establish Daylight Saving Time was defeated. It was passed a couple of months later.

1935 - "Lights Out" debuted on NBC Radio. It ran until 1952.

1941 - Igor Sikorsky accomplished the first successful helicopter lift-off from water near Stratford, CT.

1941 - The office of Price Administration was established in the U.S. to handle rationing.

1946 - The last French troops left Syria.

1947 - Jackie Robinson (Brooklyn Dodgers) performed a bunt for his first major league hit.

1961 - About 1,400 U.S.-supported Cuban exiles invaded Cuba at the Bay of Pigs in an attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro. It was an unsuccessful attack.

1964 - Jerrie Mock became first woman to fly an airplane solo around the world.

1964 - The Ford Motor Company unveiled its new Mustang model.

1967 - "The Joey Bishop Show" debuted on ABC-TV.

1967 - The U.S. Supreme Court barred Muhammad Ali's request to be blocked from induction into the U.S. Army.

1969 - In Los Angeles, Sirhan Sirhan was convicted of assassinating U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy.

1969 - Czechoslovak Communist Party chairman Alexander Dubcek was deposed.

1970 - Apollo 13 returned to Earth safely after an on-board accident with an oxygen tank.

1975 - Khmer Rouge forces capture the capital of Cambodia, Phnom Penh. It was the end of the five-year war.

1983 - In Warsaw, police routed 1,000 Solidarity supporters.

1983 - In New York, a transit strike that began on March 7 ended.

1984 - In London, gunmen from the Libyan Embassy fired into an anti-Libya protest. One policewoman was killed and 10 others were wounded.

1985 - The U.S. Postal Service unveiled its new 22-cent, "LOVE" stamp.

1985 - In Lebanon, the cabinet resigned as Shiites took W. Beirut.

1987 - In Sri Lanka, Tamil guerrillas killed 122 people in a road ambush.

1989 - In Poland, courts gave Solidarity legal status.

1993 - A federal jury in Los Angeles convicted two former police officers of violating the civil rights of beaten motorist Rodney King. Two other officers were acquitted.

1996 - Erik and Lyle Menendez were sentenced to life in prison without parole for killing their parents.

1999 - In India, the government of Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee collapsed after losing a vote of confidence.

2002 - At the National Maritime Museum in London, the exhibit "Skin Deep - A History of Tattooing" opened.

April 18, 2011

1521 - Martin Luther confronted the emperor Charles V in the Diet of Worms and refused to retract his views that led to his excommunication.

1676 - Sudbury, Massachusetts, was attacked by Indians.

1775 - American revolutionaries Paul Revere, William Dawes and Samuel Prescott rode though the towns of Massachusetts giving the warning that "the Regulars are coming out." Later, the phrase "the British are coming" was attributed to Revere.

1791 - National Guardsmen prevented Louis XVI and his family from leaving Paris.

1818 - A regiment of Indians and blacks were defeated at the Battle of Suwann, in Florida, ending the first Seminole War.

1834 - William Lamb became prime minister of England.

1838 - The Wilkes' expedition to the South Pole set sail.

1846 - The telegraph ticker was patented by R.E. House

1847 - U.S. troops defeated almost 17,000 Mexican soldiers commanded by Santa Anna at Cerro Gordo. (Mexican-American War)

1853 - The first train in Asia began running from Bombay to Tanna.

1861 - Colonel Robert E. Lee turned down an offer to command the Union armies during the U.S. Civil War.

1877 - Charles Cros wrote a paper that described the process of recording and reproducing sound. In France, Cros is regarded as the inventor of the phonograph. In the U.S., Thomas Edison gets the credit.

1895 - New York State passed an act that established free public baths.

1906 - San Francisco, CA, was hit with an earthquake. The orginal death toll was cited at about 700. Later information indicated that the death toll may have been 3 to 4 times the original estimate.

1910 - Walter R. Brookins made the first airplane flight at night.

1923 - Yankee Stadium opened in the Bronx, NY. The Yankees beat the Boston Red Sox 4-1. John Phillip Sousa's band played the National Anthem.

1924 - Simon and Schuster, Inc. published the first "Crossword Puzzle Book."

1934 - The first Laundromat opened in Fort Worth, TX.

1937 - Leon Trotsky called for the overthrow of Soviet leader Josef Stalin.

1938 - U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt threw out the first ball preceding the season opener between the Washington Senators and the Philadelphia Athletics.

1942 - James H. Doolittle and his squadron, from the USS Hornet, raided Tokyo and other Japanese cities.

1942 - The Vichy government capitulated to Adolf Hitler and invited Pierre Laval to form a new government in France.

1943 - Traveling in a bomber, Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, was shot down by American P-38 fighters.

1945 - American war correspondent Ernie Pyle was killed by Japanese gunfire on the Pacific island of Ie Shima, off Okinawa. He was 44 years old.

1946 - The League of Nations was dissolved.

1949 - The Republic of Ireland was established.

1950 - The first transatlantic jet passenger trip was completed.

1954 - Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser seized power in Egypt.

1955 - Albert Einstein died.

1956 - Actress Grace Kelly and Prince Rainier of Monaco were married. The religious ceremony took place April 19.

1960 - The Mutual Broadcasting System was sold to the 3M Company of Minnesota for $1.25 million.

1978 - The U.S. Senate approved the transfer of the Panama Canal to Panama on December 31, 1999.

1979 - The TV show "Real People" premiered.

1980 - Rhodesia became in independent nation of Zimbabwe.

1983 - The U.S. Embassy in Beirut was blown up by a suicide car-bomber. 63 people were killed including 17 Americans.

1984 - Daredevils Mike MacCarthy and Amanda Tucker made a sky dive from the Eiffel Tower. The jump ended safely.

1984 - In London, demonstrators outside the Libyan Embassy were fired upon from someone inside. Eleven people were injured and an English Police woman was killed.

1985 - Ted Turner filed for a hostile takeover of CBS.

1985 - Tulane University abolished its 72-year-old basketball program. The reason was charges of fixed games, drug abuse, and payments to players.

1989 - Thousands of Chinese students demanding democracy tried to storm Communist Party headquarters in Beijing.

1999 - Wayne Gretzky (New York Rangers) played his final game in the NHL. He retired as the NHL's all-time leading scorer and holder of 61 individual records.

2000 - The Nasdaq had the biggest one-day point gain in its history.

2000 - Joan Lunden and Jeff Konigsberg were married.

2002 - Actor Robert Blake and his bodyguard were arrested in connection with the shooting death of Blake's wife about a year before.

2002 - The Amtrack Auto Train derailed in a remote area of north Florida. Four people were killed and 133 were injured.

2002 - The city legislature of Berlin decided to make Marlene Dietrich an honorary citizen. Dietrich had gone to the United States in 1930. She refused to return to Germany after Adolf Hitler came to power.

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